Roses are among the most popular plants in the United States among amateur and professional gardeners. Traditionally garden roses (floribunda, grandiflora, and hybrid tea) have attracted the majority of market attention, however, the care and attention required to grow them successfully has spawned a demand for rose taxa that require less intensive management, i.e., hardy shrub roses. The climatic conditions of the upper Midwest can make garden rose culture a challenge. High summer humidity and sub-zero winter temperatures can cause numerous disease problems and lack of winter hardiness. In addition, homeowners and green industry professionals would like roses that have a reduced reliance upon pesticides without sacrificing plant vigor, health, andflowering.
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