OCEAN CIRCULATION AND ITS ROLE IN GLOBAL CLIMATE

摘要

Heat- and water transports by the atmosphere- and ocean circulations are principal elements of global climate. Natural variability and human-induced emissions combine to create active patterns of climate change which are not reflected in overall averages like global mean-surface temperature. Some of these patterns are well-known, like el Nino/Southern Oscillation cycles and the North Atlantic Oscillation; others are less familiar and may be abrupt: the 30-year decline in salinity of the northern Atlantic, invasion of the Arctic by warm Atlantic waters, and the rise and subsequent decade-long decline in the subpolar North Atlantic circulation, and the pattern of global heat content and upper ocean salinity increase in the subtropics.