A two-dimensional layered formulation is presented where warping of the transverse cross-sections due to transverse shear deformations is implicitly incorporated. A displacement based versatile and effective finite element technique is proposed. A simple and computationally efficient C° isoparametric element formulation of a refined higher order shear deformation theory is employed to provide accurate prediction of nonlinear response. von-Mises yield criterion with isotropic hardening is used to simulate inelastic behaviour of metals. A layered approach is adopted for the treatment of plastic behavior through the thickness of plates and shells. The formulation is further generalized by combining both geometric and material nonlinearities in an integrated sense. The modified Newton-Raphson iteration technique is used for solving the nonlinear algebraic equations. The accuracy, efficacy and versatility of the higher order theory is demonstrated by comparing the present results with the available 2-D/3-D closed-form and numerical solutions for plates and shells.
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