A Version of Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics with Entropy and Information as Positive and Negative Thermal Charge

摘要

The description of well-established foundations of thermodynamics presented in textbooks is subjected to some change to be more understandable to students. Recent offers contain proposals to introduce first the concepts of energy and available energy (exergy) and only then entropy as being proportional to the difference between the two mentioned. In this paper entropy is introduced before the available energy together with the information concept and both are considered as positive and negative thermal charges. Energy engineering students well know that information is a physical reality, measured in bits. They easily accept the electrical charge concept with an elemental one e = 1.6·10{sup}(-19) Coulomb, forces between + and -, and by annihilation in meeting. Thermal charge has Kelvin's temperature as a potential, elemental one: bit = ln2.1.38. 10{sup}(-23) J/K and no forces or field between + and -. Negative charge might be created by the "splitting" of neutral substances with a measurement, when by every bit of information the k ln2 of entropy is generated. This version involves a concept of generalized friction (mechanical, electrical, chemical, thermal) that produces a positive charge only. It is equivalent to irreversibility. The second law formulation here is this: in every real process, the positive charge is in excess. Differential equations in divergence form for mass, impulse, energy and electrical charge conservation for a magnetized and polarized substance along with non-conservation of thermal charge and available energy are given. The conditions of the "infoelectric effect" observation are indicated. The possibility of T-S diagrams when S<0 is discussed.