Supercapacitor(SC)devices store energy through the interaction of electrolyte ions with the surface of the electrode,resulting in the formation of an electric double layer(EDL).The EDL mechanism leads to high power outputs but,usually,to low energy densities in comparison with batteries.Among the strategies to improve carbon-based supercapacitors performances,the modification of the surface chemistry is frequently used.The introduction of heteroatoms in carbon materials can enhance their electrical conductivity and/or their affinity towards the electrolyte,in addition to enabling redox reactions that provide a pseudocapacitance contribution,thus further increasing the capacitance.
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