Considerations in Implementing Sub-femtoamp Measurements

摘要

This paper discusses considerations involved in moderate- to low-current measurements, including special considerations involved in current measurements of a few femtoamperes and lower [10~(-17) A to 10~(-14) A] and considerations in the picoamp region [10~(-14) A to 10~(-9) A]. Theoretical and practical considerations will be discussed and illustrated with a few demonstrations.