For more reliable measurements of pharmaceuticals in the environment: Overall measurement uncertainty estimation, QA/QC implementation and metrological considerations. A case study on the Seine River

摘要

Credibility of environmental monitoring data became compulsory, especially with the implementation of the Water Framework Directive. The key principles for quality of measurements are to demonstrate their traceability and their accuracy with well-defined uncertainty. Although significant efforts have been made in designing procedures for analytical measurements, very little attention has been paid to the sampling stage.