Homoclinic codimension-2 points and three-level laser models

摘要

A description of the principal bifurcations which lead to the appearance of the Lorenz attractor is given for the 3D normal form for codimension-3 bifurcations of equilibria and periodic orbits in systems with symmetry. We pay special attention to two bifurcation points corresponding to the formation of a homoclinic butterfly of a saddle with unit saddle index and to a homoclinic butterfly with zero separatrix value.