The normal function of cilia and flagella is to propel fluids, and organisms of almost all groups, from bacteria to mammals, use them in the performance of one or more physiological functions. The cilia and flagella have been adapted in a number of ways to increase their effectiveness in various situations. This paper will consider some of the principles of fluid propulsion by cilia and flagella and discuss their adaptations in a review of the propulsive functions performed by these organelles.
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