Railroad trespassing is the leading cause of rail-related casualties in the United States. There are around 500 railroad trespassing fatalities each year on average and trespassing fatalities in the year 2017 were at a 10-year high in the United States. Understanding trespassing risk factors and developing effective, practical risk management strategies is crucial in the prevention of trespassing accidents/incidents. This paper aims to identify principal factors affecting the occurrences of trespassing and countermeasures based upon a comprehensive review of international literature related to railroad trespassing risk management. The review encompasses a set of trespassing influencing factors related to trespassing behavior and characteristics, infrastructure, environment, traffic and others. In terms of trespassing countermeasures, we review technologies and operational strategies with respect to the areas of engineering, enforcement, education, and evaluation. Finally, we identify several directions calling for future research and spotlights, such as near-miss risk analysis based on trespassing behavioral data, big video data, and Positive Train Control.
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