Characterizing IOTA Tangle with Empirical Data

摘要

IOTA organizes transactions in the ledger as a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) called Tangle, instead of a hash chain of transaction blocks used by most of traditional blockchains. IOTA is considered a promising platform to support Internet-of-Things (IoT) applications with its key features such as micro-payment support and absence of transaction fees. While prior art shows extensive analysis based on synthetic data generated through simulations, an analysis based on empirical data from a deployed IOTA network is still missing. In this paper, we provide the first comprehensive analysis by using real transaction data officially published by IOTA Foundation. Our key finding is that neither the tangle's topological features nor the actual observed performance is consistent with the main conclusions from the literature. In particular, most of transactions take roughly 10 minutes to be officially confirmed, which is not exactly instant as commonly assumed; yet, what is arguably worse is that there is a certain amount (5 %) of transactions experiencing exceptionally long confirmation time. This shows that IOTA still has gaps to meet the stringent requirements of IoT applications that are delay sensitive.