Robots are useful in a variety of situations including disarmingbombs, investigating nuclear accidents, and search and rescue activities.To complete these tasks, Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) traditionallyhas taken the form of teleoperation. Teleoperation by default uses robotsas tools. Limitations associated with teleoperation have led the UnitedStates Army to seek a shift in robots as tools to that of teammates. Toadvance that intent, explicit and implicit communications need to beintegrated in such a way that is natural. Explicit communication iseffective, but not always feasible (e.g. environmental noises, quietsituations, language differences). Therefore, implicit communicationfrom robot to human is the focus for the present paper. Participantsviewed video clips of humans and robots performing actions determinedby the military as those in which every Warfighter should be able toidentify (e.g. fleeing, chasing, hiding). Participants were required toclassify these actions without any training on the visual actionsthemselves. Additionally, evaluating and comparing humans’physiological, and thus cognitive response to viewing implicitcommunications from humans and robots was of particular interest. Thisis important to understand because it will impact training human-robotteams and determining how messages should be communicated fromrobots to humans. The results from the present study support the use ofimplicit communications for robot to human communication.
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