In order to describe the effectiveness of take-back systems the concept of eco-efficiency is proposed. Basically this is the ratio between environmental gain and cost of the system. The unit of environmental gain is dependent of the main goal to be realised: preliminary results of eco-efficiency calculations (based on data collected from take-back projects) show that the eco-efficiency concept can create valuable insights. Effects of design for environment and design for recycling can be substantiated. Cost and yield of secondary material streams play a pivotal role in determining eco-efficiency. This opposes the traditional idea that material compositions of individual products should be considered first. Avenues for further work are indicated.
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