Lithium ion batteries have gained popularity in a wide range of applications from electronic devices to electric vehicles [1 ]. One of the key factors that influence the efficiency of the battery is the anode material. Metallic Li is a potential candidate to be used as the anode material due to a high capacity of 3,860 mAh g~(-1) in comparison with materials such as graphitic carbon with a capacity of 372 mAh g~(-1) [2]. However, Li metal can form dendrites during cycling which is a performance and safety concern as the dendrite cause short circuits of the battery [3]. Understanding the formation and growth of dendrites and the microstructural behaviour of the anode during cycling is critical to enhance the performance and safety of the battery. However, analysing the morphology and composition of Li materials faces difficulties because of its high reactivity, low melting point, and the low X-ray energy (55 eV) of Li [4, 5].
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机译：锂离子电池已在从电子设备到电动汽车的广泛应用中得到普及[1]。影响电池效率的关键因素之一是负极材料。金属锂比起容量为372 mAh g〜（-1）的石墨碳等材料，具有3,860 mAh g〜（-1）的高容量，因此有望用作负极材料。[2] 。但是，锂金属会在循环过程中形成树枝状晶体，这是性能和安全问题，因为树枝状晶体会导致电池短路[3]。了解树枝状晶体的形成和生长以及阳极在循环过程中的微观结构行为对于提高电池的性能和安全性至关重要。但是，由于Li的高反应活性，低熔点和低的Li X射线能量（55 eV），分析Li材料的形貌和组成面临困难[4，5]。
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