THE INCOMPLETENESS OF ENERGY SECURITY INDICATORS: THE CASE OF HIDDEN ENERGY CONSUMPTION

摘要

The findings of this research suggest that the question whether indirect energy consumption should be taken into consideration is of particular relevance for comparing security of primary energy supply across countries. Furthermore, they imply that if indirect energy consumption is included, the goal of lowering dependency on (foreign) primary energy is more difficult to achieve. This is because it no more possible to simply substitute directs energy consumption for indirect energy consumption. On the other hand, achieving the goal of lowering dependency on primary energy carriers becomes easier.