A physical model test on the ground settlement caused by tunneling in sand was conductedin this study. A large-scale custom-made physical model box with a lowering bottom wasused in this paper to simulate the tunneling. Analysis of the test results, it was found that thevolume of the settlement trough was not constant and varied with the depth. An empiricalequation was proposed to express the relationship between the volume of the settlementtrough and the depth. Finally, a method for estimating the subsurface ground settlement oftunneling in sand was established considering the volume variation of the settlement troughwith depth.
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