Ice breaking process and patterns in level ice of ice breaking ship are numerically calculated in time domaia For commercial ice breaking ships, ice resistance increases excessively in ice breaking procedure with constant crushing stress. Thus, varying crushing stress depending on the velocity vectors and the contact area is newly introduced to reproduce its breaking patterns around the ships in detail. It is assumed that ice resistance is comprised of three parts: breaking, buoyancy and clearing parts. In this paper, the breaking part is mainly focused on because it is critical to numerical resistance evaluation for ice breaking ship design. To verify the numerical calculation, the assessed ice resistances are compared with ice model test results. The buoyancy and clearing parts are obtained from the empirical formula of Lindqvist(1989). Additionally, this scheme is applied to turning simulation.
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