Exploring variation of trip fares by taxi-like paratransits services in Jakarta City: A Multilevel Analysis

摘要

In developing countries, the real contribution of paratransit becomes significant due to thelimitation of government capacity on public transport system and it supports the much-neededmobility especially for the poor. This paper discuss about fare trips of several types taxi-likeservices paratransit such as three wheeler, motorcycle taxi and pedicab in Jakarta city andsurrounding areas. In their daily operation, taxi-like services has no fixed route and schedule. Tripfares was offered by drivers and negotiated with passengers and the discrimination of fares may bereceived by certain group of users. Based on the reveal preference survey distributed to drivers, weanalyze trip fares of taxi-like paratransits services. A multilevel analysis is applied to examine thevariation of fares and to explore the components which affect the trip fares of each paratransit type,especially focusing on driver attributes, passenger attributes, temporal and spatial variations of trips.It is confirmed that the driver attributes such as driver age, working experience, and education levelplay a significant role in determining fares. The fare per kilometer travelled reduces when the traveldistance increases. It is also found that there may exist fares discrimination regime received bycertain group of passengers. This study also identify that passengers in city center of Jakarta needto pay more per kilometer travelled comparing to taxi-like paratransit`s riders in sub-urban areas. Incase of non-motorized paratransit, number of passenger per trip increases fares because of it givedirect effect on the needs of human energy to run services.