Hydrogen Fuel Cell Battery Electric Vehicles (HFCBEV) vs. Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) - A Birmingham Experience

摘要

This paper describes the development, design, testing and commissioning of five HFCBEVs on the University of Birmingham campus (Figure 1). The HFCBEVs were tested to evaluate performance, range, efficiency and system cost and were compared to 'pure' lithium-ion BEVs (Mitsubishi iMiEV, 47 kW electric motor, 58 MJ of battery storage, 1100kg, ￡26,700 -Figure 2) and conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) diesel vehicles. The 11 kW electric motor in these HFCBEVs were powered directly by an inexpensive 1.5 kWh lead acid battery pack (￡1,000) which was constantly charged up by a 1.2 kW Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell (Ballard Nexa, ￡4,000) running on a 350 bar hydrogen composite tank (Class III, Dynecell, Dynetek Industries, ￡4,000). The electrolytic grade hydrogen (99.999%, Green Gases Ltd) was delivered by an Air Products refueller (Series 100) and refuelling 0.6kg of hydrogen took an average of 3-5 minutes (for). The hydrogen consumption of the HFCBEVs was 10.0 g.km~-1, giving an energy efficiency of 0.71 km.MJ~-1 (77 mpg of diesel equivalent) with up to 60 km range on full throttle with an acceleration of 1.5 m.s~-2 and a top-speed of 30 mph (note that 80 km range would require either 0.94 km.MJ~-1 or a 0.8 kg hydrogen tank). The weight of the HFCBEVs is 525 kg with a load capacity of 200 kg.