It has been demonstrated that several factors play a role in determining the behavior of the negative plate of the lead-acid battery. It is concluded that, when a battery is intended for float applications, especially in telephone central offices where the degree of reliability required is high, special attention must be paid to all of the factors which can affect the polarization behavior of the negative plate and, consequently, its float performance. Some of these factors are understood at a level which permits their control, specifically, the addition of platinum and, to a lesser extent, the nature of the separator. However, many questions regarding the expander and its interaction with the oxide remain to be resolved.
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