A theory of toner adhesion to a conductive plane is suggested which takes into account the electrostatic proximity force. The proximity force is due to the attraction of charges on the toner particle in close proximity to the conductive plane to their respective image charges. In this paper the origin of the proximity force is discussed and experimental verification of this theory of toner adhesion is presented using a 16 micron diameter, ground toner with silica additives. The theory is fit to complete curves of the development and residual mass per unit area, charge-to-mass ratio, and size distribution in an electric field detachment experiment. The observed adhesion and ratio of the measured toner adhesion to theory is the lowest every observed (to the authors' knowledge).
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