EXPLOITING MULTIPLE LEVELS OF PARALLELISM IN SCIENTIFIC COMPUTING

摘要

Parallelism is still one of the most prominent techniques to improve the performance of large application programs. Parallelism can be detected and exploited on several different levels, including instruction level parallelism, data parallelism, functional parallelism and loop parallelism. A suitable mixture of different levels of parallelism can often improve the performance significantly and the task of parallel programming is to find and code the corresponding programs, We discuss the potential of using multiple levels of parallelism in applications from scientific computing and specifically consider the programming with hierarchically structured multiprocessor tasks. A multiprocessor task can be mapped on a group of processors and can be executed concurrently to other independent tasks. Internally, a multiprocessor task can consist of a hierarchical composition of smaller tasks or can incorporate any kind of data, thread, or SPMD parallelism. Such a programming model is suitable for applications with an inherent modular structure. Examples are environmental models combining atmospheric, surface water, and ground water models, or aircraft simulations combining models for fluid dynamics, structural mechanics, and surface heating. But also methods like specific ODE solvers or hierarchical matrix computations benefit from multiple levels of parallelism. Examples from both areas are discussed.