Aperture and Object Mode Appearances in Images

摘要

Vision scientists have segmented appearances into aperture and object modes, based on observations that scene stimuli appear different in a black -no light- surround. This is a 19~(th) century assumption that the stimulus determines the mode, and sensory feedback determines the appearance. Since the 1960's there have been innumerable experiments on spatial vision following the work of Hubel and Wiesel, Campbell, Gibson, Land and Zeki. The modern view of vision is that appearance is generated by spatial interactions, or contrast. This paper describes experiments that provide a significant increment of new data on the effects of contrast and constancy over a wider range of luminances than previously studied. Matches are not consistent with discounting the illuminant. The observers' matches fit a simple two-step physical description: The appearance of maxima is dependent on luminance, and less-luminous areas are dependent on spatial contrast. The need to rely on unspecified feedback processes, such as aperture mode and object mode, is no longer necessary. Simple rules of maxima and spatial interactions account for all matches in flat 2D transparent targets, complex 3D reflection prints and HDR displays.