EFFECT OF PARTICLE MORPHOLOGY ON LITHIUM INTERCALATION RATES IN NATURAL GRAPHITE: 3-DIMENSION VERSUS 2-DIMENSION

摘要

The intercalation rate of Li~+ -ions in flake (2 dimension) natural graphite with particle size that ranged from 2 μm to 40 μm and (3-dimension) sphere-like graphite, 12 μm to 40 μm in particle size, was investigated. The amount of Li~+ ions that intercalate at different rates was determined from measurement of the reversible capacity during de-intercalation in 1 M LiClO_4/l:1 (volume ratio) ethylene carbonate-dimethyl carbonate. The key issues in this study are the role of particle size and fraction of edge sites on the rate of intercalation and de-intercalation of Li~+ ions. At low specific current (15.5 mA/g carbon), the composition of lithiated graphite approaches the theoretical value, x = 1 in Li_xC_6, except for the natural graphite with the largest particle size. However, x decreases with an increase in specific current for all particle sizes. This trend suggests that slow solid-state diffusion of Li~+ ions limits the intercalation capacity in graphite. The 3D natural graphite with a particle size of 12 μm may provide the optimum combination of reversible capacity and irreversible capacity loss in the electrolyte and discharge rates used in this study.