Diversity Evolution

摘要

Bedau has developed a general set of evolutionary statistics that quantify the adaptive component of evolutionary processes. On the basis of these measures, he has proposed a set of 4 classes of evolutionary system. All artificial life sytems so far looked at fall into the first 3 classes, whereas the biosphere, and possibly the human economy belongs to the 4th class. The challenge to the artificial life community is to identify exactly what is difference between these natural evolutionary systems, and existing artificial life systems. At ALife Ⅶ, Ⅰ presented a study using an artificial evolutionary ecology called Ecikab. Bedau's statistics captured the qualitative behaviour of the model. Ecolab exhibited behaviour from the first 3 classes, but not class 4, which is characterised by unbounded growth in diversity. Ecolab exhibits a critical surface given by an inverse relationship between connectivity and diversity, above which the model cannot tarry long. Thus in order to get unbounded diversity increase, there needs to be a corresponding connectivity reducing (or food web pruning) process. This paper reexamines this question in light of two possible processes that reduce ecosystem connectivity: a tendency for specialisation and increase in biogeographic zones through continental drift.