Provided herein are methods of immunizing against, treating or preventing streptococcal toxic shock syndrome in a subject, by administration of a group A streptococcus M protein, inclusive of fragments, variants or derivatives thereof, or an antibody that binds, or is raised against the M protein and optionally a group A streptococcus superantigen protein, inclusive of fragments, variants or derivatives thereof, or an antibody or antibody fragment that binds, or is raised against, the superantigen protein.
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