Systems, devices, and methods of the present invention involve discourse trees. In some aspects, a system creates a discourse tree by identifying elementary discourse units in text. The discourse tree includes nodes, each nonterminal node representing a rhetorical relationship between two elementary discourse units and each terminal node associated with an elementary discourse unit. The system identifies, in a reference sentence of the discourse tree, a rhetorical relation of type elaboration or joint. The system selects a candidate sentence having a highest syntactic generalization score of a set of syntactic generalization scores. The system identifies a semantic relation corresponding to the candidate sentence. The semantic relation corresponds to a word in the candidate sentence and defines a role in the candidate sentence. The system replaces, in the discourse tree, the rhetorical relation with an updated rhetorical relation that corresponds to the semantic relation, thereby creating an updated discourse tree.
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