Disclosed are an LED multilayer mist integrated automatic planting system and a culture barrel used by the planting system. The planting system comprises a mounting frame, a culture barrel assembly, an adjustable light source device, a liquid supply system and a main control system. The present invention has the beneficial effects whereby the main control system controls the adjustable light source device and the liquid supply system to provide the light source irradiation and nutrient supply needed by plants for growth, and the radiation intensity of lamplight and the distance between a light source and the plants are always kept at the optimal state by means of the adjustable light source device, such that the light radiation distribution of the whole irradiated surface is very uniform, ensuring that plant growth is not affected by the light radiation intensity; and the liquid supply system supplies water or a nutrient solution for the culture barrel assembly in a centralized manner, which is conducive to plant roots fully absorbing nutrients under the condition of ensuring that the plant roots are not damaged, and thus, the planting system is suitable for large-scale industrial production.
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