device for the measurement of the energy released by a sample, which included the study of defects in graphite irradiation creates

摘要

1,061,231. Differential thermal analysis. COMMISSARIAT A L'ENERGIE ATOMIQUE. April 14, 1964 [April 26, 1963J, No. 15497/64. Heading G1N. In a device comparing the energies released by a specimen sample 1a, Fig. 3 (such as irradiated graphite), and a reference sample 1b, when the two are subjected to the same temperature increase, the reference sample 1b is heated in accordance with a predetermined programme (e.g. a linear increase), and the heating of the specimen sample 1a is controlled in accordance with the temperature difference measured between the two samples; each sample comprising two similar discs 2a, Figs. 1, 2 (not shown), of the appropriate material, with a heating element (5a) sandwiched between them. The two samples 1a, 1b are suspended, by their electrical connections, inside a container 14 and are surrounded therein by two heating cylinders 23, 26. The container may be filled with or surrounded by liquid nitrogen in a Dewar flask 19, and in the latter case the container may be evacuated. A thermocouple 6a-1 measures the temperature of the specimen 1a, and thermocouples 6a-2 and 6b-2 measure the difference between the two sample temperatures, while thermocouples 6b-1 and 29 measure the reference sample temperature relative to the cylinder 26. A control circuit Fig. 4 (not shown), contains a loop (B1) which receives a signal (##) representing the temperature difference between the samples, amplifies it in a chopper amplifier (44, 45), filters it (at 47) and controls (at 50) the specimen sample heater current (at 5a), so that the sample temperatures bear a fixed relation to each other and may for example be equal. Thermocouples 51a, 51b) produce voltages proportional to the square of the respective heater currents, and hence to the heater powers, and the difference #p between these powers is indicated on a recorder (54), together with the temperature #a of the specimen sample 6a-1. A second loop (B2) in the control circuit contains a motor (55) responsive to a portion of the temperature difference signal tapped off the B1 loop between the amplifier (45) and a demodulator (46), and the motor controls a potentiometer positioned (between 47 and 48) in the B1 loop. This second loop enables corrections for long term drift to be made, and the initial zero to be set. A loop similar to B1 is used to control the temperature of the heating cylinder 26 in response to thermocouples 6b-1 and 29.