An assay for factors that affect integration of DNA into target DNA is disclosed. Assays for methods of screening for factors which affect viral DNA circularization either by homologous recombination, end-to-end ligation, or autointegration, are also disclosed. A method for screening for factors which will enhance circularization rather than integration by testing cellular cytoplasmic fluid under conditions which permit circularization in the fluid is also described. Factors which affect integration and circularization are disclosed. Therapeutic methods for retarding viral infection are also described.
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