The present invention discloses an improved method of producing infectious papillomavirus in vitro, with a method comprising: (a) introducing papillomavirus or papillomavirus DNA or portions thereof necessary for replication, into an epithelial cell; and (b) providing conditions that produce infectious papillomavirus, wherein the conditions comprise not contacting the epithelial cell with a fibroblast and does not comprise an organotypic raft culture or a dermal equivalent. The present invention also discloses a papillomavirus infected non-keratinocyte epithelial cell produced by the methods of the present invention. Further, uses of the disclosed method includes detection methods, methods for screening anti-papillomavirus drugs, methods of making recombinant papillomavirus for vaccines and studying the life cycle and identifying subjects at risk for spontaneous abortion, molar pregnancy and choriocarcinoma. Additionally, a method of reducing and assessing the risk of spontaneous abortion and treating subjects at risk of spontaneous abortion, molar pregnancy and choriocarcinoma is disclosed.
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