Surface structures to reduce air flow resistance are like dots in golf ball in shape and size, depressed or raised, with macroscopic dimensions in mm to cm region

摘要

The surface structures are like the dots in a golf ball in shape and size, depressed or raised, with macroscopic dimensions in the mm to cm region, so that a turbulent boundary layer forms, offset from where the breakaway point would otherwise be in such a manner that less energy goes into the vortex area and the flow resistance is reduced.