The use of C-peptide for the prevention and/or treatment of macrovascular complications in diabetic patients are disclosed. The composition of C-peptide may be administered sequentially or simultaneously with insulin. Associated methods of treatment using C-peptide and medicaments containing C-peptide are also claimed. The macrovascular complications can include primary atherosclerotic disease, coronary heart disease, and intimal hyperplasia in vein grafts. C-peptide may exert its effects by preventing the insulin induced proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Use of C-peptide for enhancing endothelial cell proliferation and/or endothelial cell regeneration, and for the treatment of endothelial injury are also claimed.
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