Chimeric human-bovine parainfluenza viruses (PIVs) are infectious and attenuated in humans and other mammals and useful individually or in combination in vaccine formulations for eliciting an anti-PIV immune response. Also provided are isolated polynucleotide molecules and vectors incorporating a chimeric PIV genome or antigenome which includes a partial or complete human or bovine PIV 'background' genome or antigenome combined or integrated with one or more heterologous gene(s) or genome segment(s) of a different PIV. Chimeric human-bovine PIV of the invention include a partial or complete 'background' PIV genome or antigenome derived from or patterned after a human or bovine PIV virus combined with one or more heterologous gene(s) or genome segment(s) of a different PIV virus to form the human-bovine chimeric PIV genome or antigenome. In certain aspects of the invention, chimeric PIV incorporate a partial or complete human PIV background genome or antigenome combined with one or more heterologous gene(s) or genome segment(s) from a bovine PIV, whereby the resultant chimeric virus is attenuated by virtue of host-range restriction. In alternate embodiments, human-bovine chimeric PIV incorporate a partial or complete bovine PIV background genome or antigenome combined with one or more heterologous gene(s) or genome segment(s) from a human PIV gene that encode a human PIV immunogenic protein, protein domain or epitope, for example encoded by PIV HN and/or F glycoprotein gene(s) or genome segment(s). Human-bovine chimeric PIV of the invention are also useful as vectors for developing vaccines against other pathogens. A variety of additional mutations and nucleotide modifications are provided within the human-bovine chimeric PIV of the invention to yield desired phenotypic and structural effects.
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