A method includes detecting D2O in a sample by fluorescence spectroscopy. The fluorescence spectroscopy may be near-infrared fluorescence spectroscopy. The method may include observing an excitation wavelength of the sample at 620 nm to 640 nm. The method may also include observing an emission wavelength of the sample at 900 nm to 1000 nm. The method includes detecting D2O and D2O nano-clusters and their alterations in presence of suspended or colloidal objects including bio-molecules or cells, by emission spectroscopy.
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