This disclosure relates to compositions of nanoparticles and methods of their use related thereto such as for solar-to-fuel conversion. In general, the compositions include specific nanostructures that act as photosensitizers can help provide near quantum yield for light driven redox mediator reduction and hydrogen generation. In the presence of a catalyst and redox mediator, compositions described herein can efficiently convert sunlight to hydrogen, providing a versatile approach to solar-to-fuel conversion.
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