The invention relates to an anode and a cathode for a microbial fuel cell, to a microbial fuel cell incorporating such an anode and/or cathode, a method of forming the anode or cathode and to a method of operating a microbial fuel cell. Embodiments disclosed include an anode for a microbial fuel cell comprising at least one electrode element adapted to be received within the microbial fuel cell, wherein the electrode element is of a polymer material having an electrically conductive material interspersed with the polymer material. Also disclosed is a cathode for a microbial fuel cell, wherein the cathode is of a polymer material having an electrically conductive material interspersed/integrated with the polymer material. Also disclosed are methods of manufacturing an anode for a microbial fuel cell, coating an electrode with a catalyst and a method of collecting nitrogen based compounds contained in waste water, such as nitrates, using a microbial fuel cell.
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