A functional near-infrared spectroscopy sensor may include: a pliable substrate; a near infrared LED embedded in the pliable substrate; a red LED embedded in the pliable substrate; an optical detector embedded in the pliable substrate; a data storage device that receives and stores information derived from the optical detector and that is configured to attach to a head of a mammal or to an object that attaches to the head of mammal; and a source of electrical energy that powers the LEDs and the data storage device and that is configured to attach to a head of a mammal or to an object that attaches to the head of mammal.
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