The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating diabetes or diabetic complications containing ATPase inhibitor factor 1 (ATPIF1) as an active ingredient, and a pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating obesity containing ATPIF1 as an active ingredient. The composition containing ATPIF1 according to the present invention has an effect of treating diabetes by promoting glucose uptake in muscle cells and improving insulin sensitivity. The composition also has an effect of inhibiting lipid synthesis in adipocytes and promoting browning of adipocytes, thus having an effect of preventing or treating obesity.
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