A low carbon aviation biofuel preparation method and a system based on a full life-cycle. Said method comprises: screening for a microalgae having carbon spectrum characteristics compatible with those of an aviation fuel; cultivating the microalgae to produce an oil-producing microalgae capable of efficiently fixing carbon dioxide and having high fatty acid yield; performing oil extraction on the oil-producing microalgae by means of a rapid hydrothermal method; sequentially subjecting the obtained crude oil to impurity removal and hydrogenation refining treatment to obtain a hydrogenated product; and performing a fractionation treatment on the hydrogenated product. The system includes modules corresponding to the method above.
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