A seabed sediment mechanical properties measurement system suitable for use at full sea depth, comprising a water-borne monitoring unit and an underwater measurement apparatus, the underwater measurement apparatus comprising an observation platform and a measurement mechanism; the observation platform comprises a framework-type main body (10) and a floating body (20), a wing plate (30), a floating ball cabin (40), a levelling mechanism (50), a counterweight (60), and a release mechanism (70) mounted on the framework-type main body; a system circuit is sealed in the floating ball cabin, and the wing plate (30) opens out when the underwater measurement apparatus descends to a set height from the seabed, such that the underwater measurement apparatus lands smoothly; the levelling mechanism (50) adjusts the level of the measurement apparatus vertical to the seabed when the framework-type main body (10) reaches the seabed; and, after the underwater measurement apparatus completes the underwater operation, the release mechanism (70) discards the counterweight to enable recovery. The measurement mechanism comprises a conical penetration measurement mechanism (100), a spherical penetration measurement mechanism (200), a cross-shaped plate shear measurement mechanism (300), or a sampling mechanism (400). Using the present measurement system enables measurement of the mechanical properties of seabed sediment at full sea depth.
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