The present invention discloses a system for measuring a mechanical property of a sea floor sediment at full ocean depth. The system includes an overwater monitoring unit and an underwater measurement device, where the underwater measurement device includes an observation platform and a measuring mechanism; the observation platform includes a frame-type body and a floating body, a wing panel, a floating ball cabin, a leveling mechanism, a counterweight, and a release mechanism mounted on the frame-type body; the floating ball cabin seals a system circuit; the wing panel opens when the underwater measurement device descends to a set height away from the sea floor, so that the underwater measurement device can land stably; the leveling mechanism adjusts the underwater measurement device to stand horizontally on the sea floor when the frame-type body reaches the sea floor; the release mechanism discards the counterweight to realize recovery after the underwater measurement device completes the underwater operation; the measuring mechanism includes a cone penetration measuring mechanism, a spherical penetration measuring mechanism, and a vane shear measuring mechanism, or a sampling mechanism. The measurement system of the present invention can realize the measurement of the mechanical property of the sea floor sediment at full ocean depth.
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