Smart city criticism concentrates on conceptual andudmethodological ambiguity, corporate driven utopianudvisions, overlooking citizen and other stakeholderudpotential, ‘splintering urbanism’, and lack of long termudvision for sustainable urban development adapted toudlocal needs. Inspired by this critical discourse, this paperudaims to present smart city planning and developmentudshortcomings on the basis of applied experience and,udfurther, use this experience to create a new theoreticaludconstruct about shortcomings to smart city planningudand development. Nine individual smart city casesud(Barcelona, Stockholm, Chicago, Rio de Janeiro, PlanlTudValley, Cyberjaya, Masdar, Songdo InternationaludBusiness District, Konza) are explored on the basis ofudselected published material and in-depth case studies,udhighlighting the challenges and shortcomings thatudappeared during their development andudimplementation. Subsequently, the identifiedudshortcomings are synthesized and assessed criticallyudacross contextual and strategic levels, uncoveringudunderlying causal relationships. The findings are usedudto create a new theoretical construct, comprising twoudpaths to shortcomings towards smart city planning anduddevelopment.
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