Аналіз В. Г. Короленком головних ціннісних орієнтацій епох Відродження та Просвітництва (на основі поглядів М. Монтеня та Вольтера) (Analysis of the major value orientations of the renaissance udand the enlightenment (based on the views of montaigne and voltaire by V. G. Korolenko)

摘要

У статті обґрунтовано, що ціннісні орієнтації Відродження В. Короленко вважав індивідуалістськими, оскільки у філософії цієї епохи (на прикладі поглядів М. Монтеня) головним критерієм етичнихudцінностей виступала окрема людська особистість. Найголовнішими ціннісними орієнтаціями епохиudПросвітництва (на прикладі аналізу поглядів і діяльності Вольтера), за В. Короленком, були гуманістичні – Вольтер боровся проти суспільної несправедливості, захищав знедолених, «гнаних» і несправедливо засуджених (справа гугенота Жана Каласа) (The article substantiates that V. Korolenko, analyzing the ethical views of Montaigne, called the main valueudorientations of the Renaissance a person’s desire for happiness, the basic premise of which is satisfaction. The thinkerudbelieved that the values of the Renaissance were individualistic since in the philosophy of the era (in the views ofudM. Montaigne), the main criterion of ethical values was an individual human personality with his or her spiritualudaspirations, perceptions of good and justice. V. Korolenko stated that declaring selfishness the main reason of humanudactions, M. Montaigne was not outraged by this fact but found it perfectly natural and even necessary for humanudhappiness, because if a man took the interests of others as close to heart as his own interests, he would lose his ownudhappiness and peace of mind. The thinker was skeptical about the individualistic value orientations of the Renaissance,udbecause he preferred collectivist value orientations and social values.udWe found that, in the opinion of V. Korolenko, the main values of the French Enlightenment, based on the views andudactivities of François-Marie Arouet, were humanist values, as throughout his life, Voltaire was fighting against socialudinjustice, defending the underprivileged, the «persecuted» and wrongly convicted (the case of the Huguenot Jean Calasudwho in 1762 was accused of murdering his son for trying to adopt Catholicism). In this aspect, the activities of Voltaireudand V.Korolenko were similar. V. Korolenko, in particular, actively defended the interests of the «persecuted» in Multanudcase (the trial on false charges of Udmurt peasants from the village of Stary Multan of Malmyzhsk District in VyatkaudGubernia for bringing human sacrifices to pagan gods) and the Beilis case (the trial in Kiev in September and Octoberud1913 against Jew Menahem Mendel Beilis, accused of the ritual murder of a Christian boy Andriy Yushchynsky))