Epizootiologie et contribution à la caractérisation de l'agent infectieux de la maladie du muscle marron, une pathologie émergente de la palourde japonaise, Venerupis philippinarum

摘要

The Manila clam Venerupis philippinarum is the second most exploited mollusk bivalve in the world and represents a major economic interest. At the scale of Arcachon bay, the Brown Muscle Disease or BMD, an emergent pathology discovered in 2005, concerns fishing activity. This pathology affects the posterior adductor muscle of the clam and disrupts the valve opening and closing process. It induces the migration of clams to the surface and their death.This thesis concerns on the one hand the epizootiology of the disease and its impact on host and on the other hand the identification of the causal agent of the disease. A study of the clam distribution in Arcachon bay (French Atlantic coast) shows that prevalence of BMD decreased between 2010 and 2012. However this decrease doesn't affect clams of the legal harvesting size (> 35mm). Furthermore, the disease seems to appear in individuals with increasingly smaller size and thus risks to increase mortality in the youngest stages. The analysis of the environmental factors that are involved in the disease distribution highlights the correlation between prevalence of the BMD and relatively "quiet" hydrodynamism.BMD particularly affects the energy metabolism of the host, the oxidative stress response mechanisms and the immune system.Many functions are up-regulated in the BMD-affected hosts but other ways, as the apoptosis, are down-regulated by the infectious agent.Although viral origin of BMD is now a convincing hypothesis (electronic microscopy, transcriptomic), the nature of the etiological agent (viral family) cannot so far be determined with certainty. Viral particles were observed in tissues of BMD-diseased hosts but not in tissues of healthy host. They have been purified on sucrose gradient. However, the attempt to provoke the disease in healthy individuals failed.