Energy Efficiency Appliance Standards: Where Do we Stand, How Far Can We Go and How Do We Get There? An Analysis Across Several Economies.

摘要

As part of the ongoing effort to estimate the foreseeable impacts of minimum energy performance standards (MBPS) programs in 11 major economies participating into the Super-efficient Equipment and Appliance Deployment (SEAD) Initiative of the Clean Energy Ministerial, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) has developed the following energy efficiency scenarios: 1. The “recent achievements” (RA) scenario estimates the impact of MBPS that were implemented, announced, or are being considered from lanuary 2010 to Inly 2012 (Kalavase et al., 2012). 2. The “cost-effective scenario” (CEP) seeks to identify the maximum energy savings while providing net positive benefits to consumers (Letschert et al., 2012a). 3. The “best available technology” (BAT) scenario seeks to determine the maximum potential savings that would result from large scale adoption of the most efficient available technologies in these major economies (Letschert et al., 2012b). We use the Bottom-Up Energy Analysis System (BUENAS) to estimate potential impacts and savings for a wide range of residential and industrial end uses and to generate and analyze these scenarios. BUENAS has previously been used to estimate potential national energy demand savings1 and carbon dioxide (C02) mitigation potential from MBPS around the world for the Collaborative Labeling and Appliance Standards Program (CLASP) and the SEAD Initiative (McNeil et al., 2013). In this paper, rather than focusing on the energy demand in each scenario, we study the differences between the three efficiency scenarios to reflect the impact of current policies and identify additional opportunities for scaling up current policies or implementing additional policies. This comparison across economies reveals best practices as well as end uses that present the greatest additional potential savings. The paper describes areas where methodologies and additional policy instruments can increase penetration of energy efficient technologies. First, we cover the barriers and identify remedial policy tools/best practices to capture the full cost-effective potential of MBPS such as techno-economic analysis (Scenario 1 to 2). Then, we consider the possible complementary policy options such as incentive programs to reach the full technical potential of energy efficiency in the residential sector (Scenario 2 to 3). The study focuses on electric end uses in the residential sector, specifically on the most energy-intensive end- uses for which data are available across most economies (i.e. lighting, refrigerators, air conditioners, televisions, standby power and washing machines). We present the results of each scenario, by economy and for each end use in terms of annual energy demand savings in 2030.