Hemorrhage and Hemorrhagic Shock in Swine: A Review.

摘要

A review of the literature shows that porcine models have been used extensively over the past 20 years to study the effects of hemorrhagic hypotension and shock. In pigs, as in humans, hemorrhage causes a decrease in cardiac output, a primary defect that often leads to a cascade of secondary dysfunctions which are life-threatening. Reduced arterial O2 delivery to body tissues, a major secondary effect, often leads to anaerobic glycolysis and lactacidemia so severe that death ensues. To offset these potentially life-threatening dysfunctions, conscious pigs, and humans, mobilize a series of compensatory responses, including hyperventilation to improve blood oxygenation and CO2 elimination, neurohumoral changes to maintain blood pressure and redistribute cardiac output in favor if vital organs such as the brain and heart, enhanced O2 extraction to support tissue O2 demand, and effective use of blood buffers to minimize adverse effects of lactacidemia. Keywords: Reports, Periodicals, Military publication, Scientific literature. (eg)