Palaeoenvironments, palaeogeography, and physiography of a large, shallow, muddy ramp: Late Cenomanian-Turonian Kaskapau Formation, Western Canada foreland basin

摘要

The Kaskapau Formation spans Late Cenomanian to Middle Turonian time and was deposited on a low-gradient, shallow, storm-dominated muddy ramp. Dense well log control, coupled with exposure on both proximal and distal margins of the basin allows mapping of sedimentary facies over about 35 000 km(2). The studied portion of the Kaskapau Formation is a mudstone-dominated wedge that thins from 700 m in the proximal foredeep to 50 m near the forebulge about 300 km distant. Regional flooding surfaces permit mapping of 28 allomembers, each of which represent an average of ca 125 kyr. More than 200 km from shore, calcareous silty claystone predominates, whereas 100 to 200 km offshore, mudstone and siltstone predominate. From about 30 to 100 km offshore, centimetre-bedded very fine sandstone and mudstone record along-shelf (SSE)-directed storm-generated geostrophic flows. Five to thirty kilometres from shore, decimetre-bedded hummocky cross-stratified fine sandstone and mudstone record strongly oscillatory, wave-dominated flows whereas some gutter casts indicate shore-oblique, apparently mostly unidirectional geostrophic flows. Nearshore facies are dominated by swaley cross-stratified or intensely bioturbated clean fine sandstone, interpreted as recording, respectively, areas strongly and weakly affected by discharge from distributary mouths. Shoreface sandstones grade locally into river-mouth conglomerates and sandstones, including conglomerate channel-fills up to 15 m thick. Locally, brackish lagoonal shelly mudstones are present on the extreme western margin of the basin. There is no evidence for clinoform stratification, which indicates that the Kaskapau sea floor had extremely low relief, lacked a shelf-slope break, and was probably nowhere more than a few tens of metres deep. The absence of clinoforms probably indicates a long-term balance between rates of accommodation and sediment supply. Mud is interpreted to have been transported >250 km offshore in a sea-bed nepheloid layer, repeatedly re-suspended by storms. Fine-grained sediment accumulated up to a 'mud accommodation envelope', perhaps only 20 to 40 m deep. Continuous re-working of the sea floor by storms ensured that excess sediment was redistributed away from areas that had filled to the 'accommodation envelope', being deposited in areas of higher accommodation further down the transport path. The facies distributions and stratal geometry of the Kaskapau shelf strongly suggest that sedimentary facies, especially grain-size, were related to distance from shore, not to water depth. As a result, the '100 to >300 m' depth interpreted from calcareous claystone facies for the more central parts of the Interior Seaway, might be a significant overestimate.