The transplantation of autologous stem cells is the gold standard for regenerative therapy, which includes both local transplantation of the cells to injured organs and the engineering of organs. The use of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) has been shown to improve cardiac, vascular, and respiratory function. SMCs in the vasculature mimic natural healing mechanisms. The important cells for vascular regenerative medicine are mesenchymal stromal cells. The sources of mesenchy-mal stem cells (MSCs) are well defined and include bone marrow, fat, amniotic fluid, umbilical cord, muscle-derived stem cells, and hair follicle-derived MSCs.
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