Evaluation of the Interactive Multisensor Snow and Ice Mapping System (IMS) for monitoring sea ice phenology

摘要

We present an evaluation of the Interactive Multisensor Snow and Ice Mapping System (IMS) for monitoring northern hemisphere sea ice phenology. Analysts utilize a variety of datasets tomanually derive the daily extent of snow, ice, water and land, available at both 24 and 4 km. The 4 km IMS product was assessed for 2004–2008 against several previously established melt/freeze algorithms using Scatterometer Image Reconstruction (SIR) SeaWinds/QuikSCAT (QuikSCAT) backscatter (σ~°), Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) brightness temperature (T_B) measurements, data from the Special Sensor Microwave/Image data (SSM/I) and sea ice concentrations derived from DMSP Special Sensor Microwave/Imager–Special Sensor Microwave Imager Sounder (SSMI–SSMIS) data (NASATeam dataset). The resolution possible with the 4 km IMS product allows for better spatial representation of sea ice along the coastlines, the ice edges and in the narrow channels of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago as compared to themicrowave products. IMSdetects openwater earlier and freeze onset later than the automatedmicrowave products, and also allows for the detection of opening, and the subsequent closing, of leads that the other datasets are unable to detect. Using RADARSAT-1 imagery for evaluation, IMS is shown to outperformthe other datasets for the timing and extent of the first openwater detection. IMS identified between 17 and 53% greater openwater coverage than the other datasets in the narrowchannels of theNorthwest Passage (Barrow Strait). In order to further the use of IMS for sea ice applications, we derived two new spatial datasets using the full record of IMS data (4 km: 2004–present, 24 km: 1997–present):melt duration to openwater (duration frommelt onset detectedwith SSM/I passive microwave until openwater detected by IMS) and first year ice cover duration (duration from freeze onset until open water, both detected by IMS).